Posts in Månen
Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 120: Kometer, Asteroider og lidt Artemis II

Siden vi optog dette afsnit, så ER Artemis II kommet i luften, rundt om månen og ned på jorden igen! Det taler vi naturligvis om i et kommende afsnit.

Karina’s noter til dette afsnit:


0: Der var lige en lille meteor over USA. 

1: Den der asteroide der IKKE rammer Jorden i 2032 (den rammer så heller ikke Månen)

2: Artemis II missionen

3: ESA introduces space environment ‘health index’

4: Europæiske Aerospace giganter slår sig sammen

5: Ny Komet

6: Oversigt over kommende kometer (med link!)

7: Sidste nyt fra 3I/ATLAS

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1: Den der asteroide der IKKE rammer Jorden i 2032

Fra Michael Linden-Vørnle

Asteroiden kommer...
… og den skal være så velkommen!

I starten af 2025 blev der talt og skrevet en del om den ca. 60 meter store asteroide 2024 YR4, fordi der havde vist sig en betydelig risiko for, at den ville ramme Jorden d. 22. december 2032. Vedholdende observationer af asteroiden afslørede dog, at der alligevel ikke var risiko for en kollision med Jorden. Til gengæld var der stadig en ret høj sandsynlighed for at 2024 YR4 ville ramme Månen.

Et nedslag af en ca. 60 meter stor asteroide på Månen ville være særdeles interessant at observere for at lære mere om den kraterdannelse på Månen og andre himmellegemer, der netop er resultatet af nedslag af bl.a. større eller mindre asteroider. Nogle mente dog også, at en kollision mellem 2024 YR4 og Månen d. 22. december 2032 kunne udgøre en risiko for os på Jorden, da brudstykker fra nedslaget kunne slynges væk fra Månen og ramme vores planet.

Uanset om man mener, at et nedslag af 2024 YR4 på Månen er en god eller dårlig ting, så er en kollision med vores nærmeste nabo i rummet nu altså også blevet taget af programmet for asteroidens besøg i 2032. Nye observationer lavet med James Webb-rumteleskopet har vist, at asteroiden ikke vil ramme Månen, men med størst sandsynlighed passere forbi i en afstand på mere end 20.000 km. 

Asteroider som 2024 YR4 er byggeaffald fra Solsystemets barndom og er derfor videnskabeligt uhyre interessante for at lære os mere om, hvordan vores planetsystem er blevet dannet og har udviklet sig. Når de altså vel at mærke er så elskværdige ikke at ramme vores planet. Så 2024 YR4 skal være mere end velkommen til at smutte forbi d. 22. december 2032.

Billedet her viser 2024 YR4 optaget af James Webb-rumteleskopet d. 26. februar 2026. Billedet er gengivet i negativ farveskala – altså med lyse objekter (asteroiden) gengivet med mørke farver. Asteroiden er også markeret med en grøn ring.

Læs mere hos ESA:
https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Planetary_Defence/Asteroid_2024_YR4_will_not_impact_the_Moon

Credit:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, M. Micheli (ESA NEOCC)

Den der asteroide der IKKE rammer jorden i 2032 rammer måske månen. 

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2: Artemis II

https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/

Orion is developed to be capable of sending astronauts to the Moon and is a crucial step toward eventually sending crews on to Mars.

The Orion spacecraft will serve as the exploration vehicle that will carry and sustain the crew on Artemis missions to the Moon and return them safely to Earth. Orion will launch on NASA’s new heavy-lift rocket, the SLS (Space Launch System).

SLS is the only rocket that can send Orion, astronauts, and cargo directly to the Moon in a single launch. 

The Artemis II mission will carry astronauts farther from Earth and closer to the Moon than any human has been in over half a century. From this unique vantage point and environment, the Artemis II crew will work with scientists on Earth to facilitate science investigations to inform future human spaceflight missions. 

Det er altså kun et flyby. Der lander ingen mennesker på månen i denne omgang.

"The Artemis II astronauts will be the first humans to fly by the Moon in more than 50 years and will serve as scientific ambassadors to our nearest neighbor.

On the journey to the Moon and back, the Orion capsule will fly by the far side of the Moon — the side that always faces away from Earth. During this three-hour period, astronauts will analyze and photograph geologic features, such as impact craters and ancient lava flows. They will rely on the extensive geology training they received in the classroom and in Moon-like places on Earth to describe nuances in shapes, textures, and colors — the type of information that reveals the geologic history of an area. These skills will be critical to exploring the Moon’s South Pole region through future missions."

Hvad Michael Linden-Vørnle siger om sagen:

NASA har i dag, d. 12. marts, meddelt, at Artemis II-missionen bliver klar til at komme af sted mod Månen i starten af april. Her skal de fire astronauter, chefen Reid Wiseman, piloten Victor Glover samt de to missionsspecialister Christina Koch og Jeremy Hansen (sidstnævnte fra Canada), i løbet af ti dage flyve ud til Månen, rundt om Månens bagside og hjem igen.

Udmeldingen kommer som konklusionen på en minutiøs gennemgang af hele missionens parathed til at gennemføre rejsen – det såkaldte Flight Readiness Review (FRR), der er blevet gennemført over to dage i denne uge. Det var oprindelig planen, at Artemis II skulle være taget af sted mod Månen i starten af februar, men utætheder i systemet på affyringsrampen til tankning af brændstof (flydende brint) forhindrede dette. 

Udfordringerne med utæthederne blev håndteret i løbet af februar og herefter blev der fokuseret på starten af marts for at få Artemis II af sted. Denne mulighed glippede dog også, da der viste sig et problem med et system i rakettens øverste trin, der bruger helium til at sætte tryk på brændstoftankene. Dette problem kunne ikke løses på affyringsrampen, så for to uger siden blev raketten kørt tilbage til den store montagehal – Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB).

Artemis-programmet er baseret på NASAs nye måneraket kaldet SLS: Space Launch System og rumskibet Orion. SLS og Orion har allerede fløjet en tur til Månen, men det var en ubemandet testflyvning kaldet Artemis I, der blev gennemført i slutningen af 2022. Ifølge NASA er problemet med helium-systemet løst og SLS med Orion vil efter planen blive kørt ud til affyringsrampen igen på næste torsdag, d. 19. marts.

Ifølge NASA er der i alt seks opsendelsesmuligheder startende fra d. 1. april (d. 2. april dansk tid). Så hvis alt går vel, vil mennesker igen være på vej til Månen om mindre end tre uger. Billedet her viser Artemis II d. 18. januar i år, hvor SLS og Orion første gang blev kørt ud til affyringsrampe 39B på Kennedy Space Center i Florida.

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3: ESA introduces space environment ‘health index’

https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Sounding_the_alarm_ESA_introduces_space_environment_health_index

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4: Europæiske Aerospace giganter slår sig sammen

En virksomhed med 25.000 ansatte spredt over Europa og de tre virksomheder Airbus, Thales og Leonardo som ‘forældre’ skal sættes i verden for at levere et robust europæisk alternativ til amerikanske rumfartsvirksomheder.

https://europeanspaceflight.com/airbus-thales-and-leonardo-agree-to-create-european-space-behemoth/

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5: Ny Komet

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-newly-discovered-comet-may-soon-appear-bright-in-our-skies

A newly discovered comet has astronomers excited, with the potential to be a spectacular sight in early April.

C/2026 A1 (MAPS) was spotted by a team of four amateur astronomers with a remotely operated telescope in the Atacama desert on January 13.

It quickly became apparent the newly discovered object was a member of a group called the Kreutz sungrazing comets. These include many of the brightest and most spectacular comets ever seen.

Great story about origins

Overall, it's too soon to tell. If – and that's a big if – the comet survives its closest approach to the Sun (known as perihelion), it could put on a great show in early to mid-April.

If it holds together, it might get bright enough to be visible in broad daylight. Even if that doesn't happen, the SOHO spacecraft will provide great images of the comet.

Og øv, den er nemmest at se fra den sydlige himmelkugle.

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6: Oversigt over kommende Kometer:

https://starwalk.space/en/news/upcoming-comets

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7: Sidste nyt fra 3I/ATLAS

ALMA Detects Extremely Abundant Alcohol in Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

New research from ALMA Observatory reveals that 3I/ATLAS is packed with an unusually large amount of the organic molecule methanol – more than almost all known comets in our own solar system.

In 3I/ATLAS, methanol is unusually abundant, making up around 8 percent of the comet's vapor, compared to around 2 percent in solar system comets. 

In our short time viewing the object, scientists have found some interesting things and unusual chemistry. Of particular interest is that it contains molecules that are key to life, and in abundance compared to most Solar System comets.

"We report the detection of methanol (CH3OH) toward interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS using the Atacama Compact Array of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) on UT 2025 August 28, September 18 and 22, and October 1, and of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) on September 12 and 15," a recent preprint paper explains.

"The CH3OH production rate increased sharply from August through October, including an uptick near the inner edge of the H2O sublimation zone at H = 2 au. Compared to comets measured to date at radio wavelengths, the derived CH3OH/HCN ratios in 3I/ATLAS of 124+30 −34 and 79+11−14 on September 12 and 15, respectively, are among the most enriched values measured in any comet, surpassed only by anomalous Solar System comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)."

To be clear, these molecules are not themselves indication of life on the comet. We've had enough of the (unnecessary and outlandish) hypothesis that 3I/ATLAS is an alien spacecraft, we don't want people thinking that the comet contains life either. But they are considered so-called "building blocks" of life.

"Life as we know it requires building blocks, such as amino acids," NASA explains, "and hydrogen cyanide is one of the most important and versatile molecules needed to form amino acids." 

Similarly, methanol can be used to form more complex molecules like sugars, amino acids, and DNA/RNA precursors. 

“It seems really chemically implausible that you could go on a path to very high chemical complexity without producing methanol,” Martin Cordiner, of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and author on the paper, explained to New Scientist.

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Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 115: Hvad sker der i rummet for tiden?

Vi tager endnu en runde med universelt stof! Hvad sker der i rummet lige for tiden?

1: 3I/Atlas
2: Sten fra Mars
3: Temporary Moon
4: Sattelite made out of wood
5: Starship 
6: Store tal
7: Enhederne meter og sekund
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1:  3I/Atlas
NASA deler første fotos af 3I/ATLAS: Ikke rumvæsener
https://videnskab.dk/rummet/nasa-deler-foerste-fotos-af-3i-atlas-ikke-rumvaesener/

NASA press release 19.11.25:

ESA:
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/12/Comet_3I_ATLAS_shows_activity_in_Juice_navigation_camera_teaser
ESA - Comet 3I/ATLAS shows activity in Juice navigation camera teaser


During November 2025, ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) used five of its science instruments to observe 3I/ATLAS. The instruments collected information about how the comet is behaving and what it is made of.

In addition, Juice snapped the comet with its onboard Navigation Camera (NavCam), designed not as a high-resolution science camera, but to help Juice navigate Jupiter’s icy moons following arrival in 2031.

Though the data from the science instruments won’t arrive on Earth until February 2026, our Juice team couldn’t wait that long. They decided to try downloading just a quarter of a single NavCam image to see what was in store for them. The very clearly visible comet, surrounded by signs of activity, surprised them.

Not only do we clearly see the glowing halo of gas surrounding the comet known as its coma, we also see a hint of two tails. The comet’s ‘plasma tail’ – made up of electrically charged gas, stretches out towards the top of the frame. We may also be able to see a fainter ‘dust tail’ – made up of tiny solid particles – stretching to the lower left of the frame.

The image was taken on 2 November 2025, during Juice’s first slot for observing 3I/ATLAS. It was two days before Juice’s closest approach to the comet, which occurred on 4 November at a distance of about 66 million km.

We expect to receive the data from the five scientific instruments switched on during the observations – JANUS, MAJIS, UVS, SWI and PEP – on 18 and 20 February 2026. The delay is because Juice is currently using its main high-gain antenna as a heat shield to protect it from the Sun, leaving its smaller medium-gain antenna to send data back to Earth at a much lower rate.

Though Juice was further from 3I/ATLAS than our Mars orbiters were back in October, it observed 3I/ATLAS just after the comet’s closest approach to the Sun, meaning that it was in a more active state. We expect to see clearer signs of this activity in the data from the science instruments. This includes not only images from JANUS – Juice’s high-resolution optical camera – but also spectrometry data from MAJIS and UVS, composition data from SWI, and particle data from PEP.

ESA - ESA’s ExoMars and Mars Express observe comet 3I/ATLAS

We have an update on 3I/ATLAS! 

Until September, figuring out the location and trajectory of 3I/ATLAS relied on Earth-based telescopes. Then between 1 and 7 October, our ExoMars TGO turned its eyes towards the interstellar comet from its orbit around Mars. The comet passed relatively close to Mars, approaching to about 29 million km during its closest phase on 3 October.

The Mars probe observed the comet from a new viewing angle. The triangulation of its data with data from Earth helped to make the comet’s predicted path much more accurate. The result was an impressive ten-fold leap in accuracy, reducing the uncertainty of the object’s location.

Because 3I/ATLAS is passing through our Solar System fast, travelling with speeds up to 250 000 km/h, it will soon vanish into interstellar space, never to return.

The comet is currently being observed with our Juice spacecraft. 

Though Juice is farther from 3I/ATLAS than the Mars orbiters were last month, it is seeing the comet just after its closest approach to the Sun, when it is in a more active state. We don’t expect to receive data from Juice’s observations until February 2026. 

Komet Kalender:

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2: Sten fra Mars:
https://www.sciencealert.com/curiosity-cracked-open-a-rock-on-mars-and-revealed-a-big-surprise
Curiosity Cracked Open a Rock on Mars And Revealed a Big Surprise : ScienceAlert

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-evidence-driven-climate-mars-jezero.html
Evidence of rain-driven climate on Mars found in bleached rocks scattered in Jezero crater

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3: Temporary Moon

Earth currently has a temporary moon, an asteroid designated 2025 PN7, that is in a quasi-satellite orbit. It is not permanently bound to Earth like the main Moon, but rather shares Earth's orbit around the Sun, occasionally entering our planet's gravitational influence for several decades before drifting away again. Earth has had other temporary "mini-moons" in the past, and this is not expected to be the last. 
About 2025 PN7 : Size: The asteroid is between 18 to 36 meters wide, or about the size of a building.
    Orbit: It orbits the Sun but has been temporarily captured by Earth's gravity and is expected to remain a quasi-moon until about 2083.

Distance: It does not get as close as the regular Moon, swinging between 4 and 17 million kilometers away from Earth (Moon is 384400 km away, so between 10 and 44 Lunar distances)

2025 PN7 - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_PN7

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4: Satelite made out of wood:

https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/ESA_flying_payloads_on_wooden_satellite

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5: Starship 

A: can get us really fast to Uranus:

https://phys.org/news/2025-10-starship-uranus.html

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B: Starship og kapløb med Kina

https://videnskab.dk/rummet/starship-10-opsendt-med-succes-alligevel-faar-usa-svaert-ved-at-naa-til-maanen-foer-kina/

ældre artikel:

https://videnskab.dk/rummet/spacex-raketten-starship-10-er-eksploderet-faar-store-konsekvenser-for-amerikansk-maanelanding/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=vores-nyhedsbrev



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6: Store tal

For at forstå store tal er det nogen gange meget godt at omregne det til noget andet. 

1 * 10^6 sekunder = 11.5 dage

1 * 10^9 sekunder= 31.7 år

1 * 10^12 sekunder = 31 710 år

Så kan vi måske forstå hvor meget forskel der er på en millonær og en millardær. Trillionær burde ikke eksistere. 

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7: Enhederne meter og sekund 

Generelt kom jeg til at tænke på enheder. 

Meter:



Historical definition:

Historically, a meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator along the Prime Meridian.

In 1960 the metre was thus defined in the SI system as equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red line in the spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum.

It is currently defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in \(1/299,792,458\) of a second.

Second:

A second is 

the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the time it takes for a cesium-133 atom to undergo 9,192,631,770 hyperfine transitions in its ground state when oscillating at a specific microwave frequency.

This precise atomic definition provides a universal standard for time, making it a fixed and consistent unit for the entire world, unlike older definitions based on Earth's rotation which can fluctuate. A second can also refer to an ordinal number meaning "after first" 

The old definition of a second was 

 of a mean solar day. This definition was used until the mid-20th century, when it was replaced because the Earth's rotation is not constant, making the length of a solar day slightly variable. An earlier, less formal definition was based on dividing the hour into 60 parts, each of which was called a "minute," and then dividing that into 60 parts to get a "second," as the ancient Babylonians originally did

(Rabbit hole: The Babylonian number system was a sexagesimal (base-60) system that used only two symbols: a vertical wedge for one (1) and a corner wedge for ten (10). It was a positional system where the value of a symbol depended on its position, with each place representing a power of 60, similar to how our base-10 system uses powers of 10. The system lacked a true zero for a placeholder initially, creating ambiguity, but later added a symbol for this purpose.  )

Min pointe: Vores m og s var (er) defineret efter jorden og vores omløb. Enheden m/s er derfor Jordens enhed.

Lysets hastighed i vacuum er en universel konstant, men en Alien vil 100% have en anden enhed end os. Også selvom at vi har fundet bedre naturkonstanter til at definere m og s ud fra.

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Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 54: Brand i den Mexicanske Golf, Ganymedes og Kina I rummet

Idag kommer vi lidt rundt, men meget af dagens afsnit foregår i rummet. Vi vender dog først lige varmerekorden i Canada, samt branden i en gasledning i den Mexicanske Golf. Det er ret vildt! Så kommer vi også ind på Kina og deres fremskridt i rummet. Og hvilken betydning får det mon for vores (menneskets) videre færd i rummet?

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Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 44: Beboelige planeter, Grønlandsk krater, fremtidsudsigter mv.

Vi taler lidt om afstande og sandsynligheder for beboelige planeter i vores galakse. Og så taler vi om fremtiden: Hvordan så den ud for 100 år siden, og hvordan ser fremtiden ud idag? Vi skal også til månen, Grønland og en smuttur til drømmeland!

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